Ch 10 Notes
New Immigration- late 1800s, eastern Europe, Jews, Catholics (Poles, Greeks, Italians)
Old Immigration- earlier, western and northern
Trip- in steerage- cheapest, below decks
Arrive-
- examined for disease, mental illness, could be turned back
Settling- in cities, in ethnic neighborhoods- Jewish, Italian etc
- live w/ people/culture familiar with, help each other survive
Asian immigrants- Chinese- gold rush, famine
- Japanese- rapid shift to industrialization causes upheaval
Nativism- anti-immigrant feelings
- generally b/c of job competition
- easier to hate b/c different (language, religion, appearance)
Gov’t- banned convicts, debtors, mentally ill
- Chinese immigration limited
Sec 2
Cities- exploded
- immigrants- stayed in cities, lacked education for better jobs, not enough $ to buy a farm
- rural- move to cities for better jobs, more excitement, luxuries
Changes- skyscrapers- run out of room, build up not out
- mass transit- more large #’s of people across city to work, business
§ horse car, cable cars, trolleys, subway
Divisions- high class- city center, mansions
- middle class- could afford to live a little farther away (suburbs)
- working class- city, close to factories
o tenements- multi-family apartments
· sometimes more than one family per apt.
Problems- crime- blamed on immigrants (easy to pick out)
- sanitation- bad, water contaminated
Politics- political machine- group whose goal is to keep power
- bosses- head of party, provided jobs, food, etc in exchange for votes
- good- people get services
- bad- politicians get power, profit
-
Tammany Hall- NYC Democrats led by “Boss”
Sec 3
Guilded Age- gold covered
- things looked great on the outside (tall buildings, inventions, conveniences) but underneath was rotten (corruption, poverty, division of wealth) JD Rockefeller worth $1.4 billion in 1937 at death ($190 billion today, Bill Gates = $60 billion)
Individualism- a person can rise to greatness, just takes hard work/dedication
- Horatio Alger- wrote stories “Rags to Riches”, poor could make it big
Social Darwinism-
-
“Survival of the Fittest”- applied
· society improved over time because only the strongest survive
· would mean, no government intervention (don’t let the weak businesses survive, bad for everyone)
· supported by Rockefeller, Carnegie
Gospel of wealth- Carnegie believes “strong” should work to help society progress
- gave $ away, esp to schools/libraries
Realism- in art and literature, attempted to portray real life
- before- romanticism- fantasy, idealized world
- Twain- Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
- Henry James- Portrait of a Lady
- Before- Edgar Allan Poe- dark romanticism (gothic)
Culture- industry = more time/$ to spend on leisure activities
- saloons, parks, sports, theatre (Vaudville- variety acts on stage), ragtime music
Sec 4
Some not satisfied w/ Social Darwinism/individualism. They want citizens/gov’t to be more active to help needy/regulate the economy.
Reform Darwinism- humans can think ahead and solve problems before they happen
Naturalism- some people caught in circumstances, can’t get out of situations no matter how hard they try
- in literature by Jack London, Stephen Craine
help- Social Gospel, Salvation Army, YMCA- religion organizations
- activities/emergency rooms (you can get yourself fed, you can have a good meal…)
Settlement houses- improve living conditions, Hull House- Jane Addams/Chicago
- middle class helps the poor
- teach English, hot lunches, medical care, teach job skills
Education- Americanization- teach children American culture
- forget where they came from?
- Teach job skills, good attendance, neatness
- Many blacks forced to start their own schools (Tuskegee Inst.)
- Colleges- land grants expaned colleges (U of I and other state schools)
-
Black colleges open, also women’