Ch 4 Notes
World History
4-1
Agriculture- causes a major population growth in the late Middle Ages
- population nearly doubles in 300 years
Why?-
- fewer wars than there were at the beginning of the Middle Ages
- climate warmed up
- innovations in farming
o trees cut/swamps drained to create more land
o iron plows can dig deeper
o 3 field system instead of 2 field
§ before, half planted, half fallow- unplanted
§ now 1. fallow, 2. fall grains (rye/wheat) 3. spring veggies
§ helps keep from exhausting the soil as fast
Manorial System-
Manor- ag estate run by a lord and worked by peasants (commoners)
Peasants- commoners
- many became serfs- bound to the land
- had to provide the labor and pay rent
- lived in simple houses, some with only one room, most had a separate sleeping room
Knights- mounted armored soldiers, people of noble standing
-professional warriors
-squires were apprentices to them
-had games to help them train/prepare
Trade-
Really grew in Itlay (controlled
trade routes along
-money system- began to develop
-economy based on money instead of barter (although money had been around for centuries
-money changers- developed to help travelers trade in currency, eventually became bankers, loaned $
-commercial capitalism- people invest in trade and goods to make money
Growth of Cities-
- trade helps cause cities to grow more
- old Roman settlements declined earlier, but now were making a comeback
o merchants went there, craftsmen and artisans followed to make things to sell to merchants to sell
- new cities- usually built near a castle on a trade route (lord would offer protection)
o walls would be built to protect the settlement as it grew
o most
were smaller than even Roman settlements or
- life-
o people lived in fear of fire
o crowded inside city walls
§ to maximize room:
· narrow winding streets
· multi-story buildings, with upper floors overhanging the streets
o no place for human waste to go
- industry- most were cottage industries (in the home)
o guilds- associations of craftsmen (carpenters, tailors, bakers, etc)
§ eventually set prices (so don’t compete against each other)
§ must apply to get into the guild
Pope vs. Kings
Popes become more and more political
-
had their own nation to run, the
Kings- start to appoint the bishops themselves
- this makes the bishops vassals- need to perform normal vassal duties
Gregory VII- pope, says pope’s authority is over all Christians, including rulers of nations
- says it is the Church’s job to appoint clergy, not kings
- if kings don’t accept this, he will remove them
Henry IV of Germany- challenges Gregory, said he needed to do it to maintain power
- Gregory tells clergy to not accept positions from kings
- Henry does it anyway = excommunictated
- Henry goes back and begs forgiveness
- Result- pope wins
Innocent III- wielded more power than any pope
- believed himself to be the supreme judge of European affairs
New Religious Orders- more men and women looking to do God’s work in different ways
- Cistercians- traveled around to spread religion
- Women- many wealthy women became nuns, a chance to become educated
o Hildegard of Bingen- many leaders asked her for advice on things religious and political
§ Rare for a woman to have this kind of influence that this time
-
Franciscans- founded by St. Francis of
o Lived with and aided the poor, preached
-
Dominicans- fought against heresy- things
that went against Church teachings
o led
to creation of the Inquisition- court to try heretics
§
famous inquisition in
Middle Ages religious beliefs
Catholic Church- only Christian church in
- sacraments- rites of the Church of great importance
o baptism
o marriage
o Communion
§ These could only be administered by the clergy
- Pilgrimages to holy shrines also thought to be important
o Some churches held relics of saints
o
o
Universities- as we know them started during this time period
-
early ones in
- studied liberal arts at 1st for 4-6 yrs
o grammar, rhetoric, logic, math, geometry, music and astronomy
o lectures, no tests until oral exam- pass = degree (B.A.)
- graduate studies- law, medicine, theology (religion)
Architecture-
-early- Romanesque- massive pillars, thick walls to hold up stone roofs
-later middle ages- Gothic- pointed arches, go higher with thinner walls
- flying buttresses- exterior supports to hold thinner walls up
Black Death-
-killed millions of Europeans (close to 50%) over 4 years (1st outbreak)
-Bubonic plague- spread by fleas from infected rats (not person to person)
-
-trade helps spread it rapidly throughout the continent
-causes shortage of labor, can charge higher prices
-less demand for food- prices down
-fewer taxpayers, nobles raise taxes
- peasants revolt against nobles, but put down
Pope vs. Kings part II-
- 14th century, the kings strike back, unwilling to accept papal claims of supremacy
- Boniface VIII- claims “necessary for salvation one be under the authority of the pope
o Excommunicates
Philip IV of
o Kings men seize Boniface, threaten to kill him
o Released, but died later
o Afterwards, no pope made claims like Boniface or predecessors
o Popes
even take up residence in
-
Great Schism- Italians elect own pope
o 40
yrs w/ 2 popes
o each
pope claims the other to be the antichrist, kind of causes people to lose faith
in the Church
100 Years War-
- war over land, English kings claim French throne
- also, English kings supported Italian pope, France the French pope
- Joan of Arc makes her mark
- fights for the French, leads an army
- claims God spoke to her
- captured by the English, burned as a heretic
- Retried 20 yrs later, found innocent
- made a Saint in 20th century
Kings’ power-
-
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