Ch 7 Notes
World History
Religious Wars-
- Calvinists and Catholics fight each other to win converts and hurt each other’s authority
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1. A lot of nobles became Hugu., but not the monarchy
2. Ends when Henry IV becomes king
§ He’s a Huguenot, but converts to Catholicism
§
Edict of
Spain- PhilipII-
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owns the
1. revolts by Calvinists
2. wants to hold on to them b/c rich
§ costs a lot of $ to do so
- reverses laws hurting Protestants, but doesn’t go back after Catholics
- avoided war, but tried to keep Spain/France from becoming too powerful
-
1. English privateers raid Spanish ships
2.
§
Philip II sends “Armada” to invade
§
Fails miserably, hurts
Sec 2
Economic crises-
- inflation- money worth less, causes prices to go up
1. why? Lots of gold/silver coming in from the
2. population increase- causes higher prices for land/food
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slowdown-
1. why? Imported sliver slows down
2. raids by pirates
3. kicked out jewish/muslim artisans
Witchcraft trials-
- 100,000 or more put on trial for witchcraft
- as a community dealt w/ troubles, they would look for witches
- tortured witches until they confessed, or proven innocent by ordeal
- burned at stake or hanged
- most single/widowed elderly women (or just weird)
- ended as people became less superstitious, gov’t put to an end
30 Year’s War-
- in
-
-
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- result- Peace of Westphalia
- all German states could determine religion
- HRE broken up into several small independent states
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- debate over power between Parliament and King
- debate over religion, Puritans vs. Catholic
- James I- Stuart king
1. had King James version of Bible written
2. ruled by divine right- God gave him authority
- Puritans- wanted to keep Catholic practices out of the Church of England
- Charles I- wanted to raise taxes without asking Parliament
1. Started imposing more Catholic-like practices in the Church of England
- English Civil War- Cavaliers (supporters of the king) vs. Roundheads (supporters of Parliament)
1. Roundheads win, led by Oliver Cromwell
2. Charles I loses his head
3. A republic is established as gov’t
4. New gov’t evolves into a dictatorship under Cromwell
- Restoration- Charles II asked to come back and be king
1. Charles is Catholic, Parliament doesn’t want his son to be king next (but he is anyway)
-
James II- becomes king, starts imposing Catholic
practices on
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William and Mary- asked to invade
1. James leaves without a fight (Glorious Revolution)
2. English Bill of Rights- some basic rights of the citizens
§ Trial by jury
§ Parliament must be asked to raise army/taxes
3. Toleration Act- Puritans have freedom to worship (not Catholics)
Sec 3
Absolutism- where king has total control (raise taxes, declare war, admin. Justice, etc.)
- France- Louis XIV is prime example
Richelieu and Mazarin-
- prime ministers to Louis XIII and Louis XIV (too young to rule on their own)
- took steps to expand the power of the king
1. took away political rights of the Huguenots
2. spied on the nobles so couldn’t plot against the king
3. crushed revolts
-
hoped a strong king would help make
Louis XIV- determined to rule everything on his own
- called himself the “Sun King” light for all of his people
-
Palace at
1. Massive, extravagant
2. Made high nobles live with him and take care of him
§ Keep them close so they can’t plot against him
§ Get them more concerned w/ royal life so not enough time for politics
- Local gov’t was harder to control
1. So he bribed officials to carry out his bidding
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Persecuted the Huguenots, destroyed their churches,
many fled to
Economy- Jean-Baptiste Colbert was minister of finance
-
wanted to foster trade in
- gave subsidies to new industries
- tariffs to cut down on imports
- built roads and canals for easier transportation
Louis XIV at the end-
- fought 4 wars to expand territory
- depleted the treasury by:
1. wars
2. extravagant living
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1. Raises a strong military, king becomes strong
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1. King- from the Hapsburg family, not as much power because of all the ethnic tensions
-
1. Peter the Great- Russian Csar, from the Romanov family
§
Wanted to westernize
§ Built up his army
§ Forced western culture on his nobles (made them shave)
§
Moved capital from
§ Efforts worked somewhat
Sec 4
Mannerism- new art form in early 1500s
- different from Renaissance (little balance, strange colors and shading)
- revival of religion in art, use of elongated figures to represent upheaval
Baroque- late 1500s
- combination of classical art with religion
- more elaborate, used to exemplify power of kings and nobles
Literature-
- Shakespeare- English writer/playwright during the Elizabethan Era
1. Plays performed at the Globe theater
2. Admission allowed commoners to attend, so plays had to appeal to all types
3. Romeo and Juliet, Othello, MacBeth, Hamlet
- Cervantes- Spanish writer, Don Quixote
1. Book is about Don Quixote, a noble thinks hes a knight off to fight evil dragons (actually windmills)
§ Main character is a dreamer, his squire, Sancho Panza is a realist
§ Pokes fun at medieval ideals of chivalry, unquestioned loyalty
Political thought-
- Hobbes- Leviathan
1. Life is short and hard, people by nature only worry about whats best for them
2. People give trust in an absolute monarch to protect them
3. Rebellion must be oppressed
- John Locke- Two Treatises of Government
1. People have certain natural rights- that they are born with
§ Life, liberty, property
2. People created gov’t in order to protect these rights, in return, the people would respect the gov’t
3. If a gov’t failed to protect the rights of the citizens, the people could form a new gov’t
4. He didn’t really mean democracy was the best, but that’s what a lot of people read into it