Ch 10 Notes
World History
Scientific Revolution- during late Middle Ages and into the Renaissance, people started to try to explain the world around them
- many early ideas based on teachings of Aristotle
- by learning Greek and Latin during the Renaissance, they read works by ancient philosophers that disagreed with Aristotle
- complex problems developed that needed to be solved using observation
- new instruments were invented that helped in observation (microscope, telescope)
- math developed and gave the philosophers the ability to solve problems
- Becomes to be known as the Age of Reason
Astronomy-
- old days- Ptolemaic System- Geocentric- earth at center of universe
o moon and the planets are smooth, perfect bodies
o Heaven lied beyond the stars, farthest from humans/earth
- Copernicus- Polish astronomer
o Believed in heliocentric system- sun is at the center of the universe
o Moon goes around earth, earth and the planets around the sun
- Kepler- used math to prove Copernicus’ theory
o Also proved the orbits were not circular
- Galileo- used a telescope to observe the planets/starts
o Concluded the planets/moon were not perfect/smooth bodies, but had features like the earth
o Saw Jupiter’s moons
o Published findings in The Starry Messenger
o Tried for heresy and found guilty by the Catholic Church
§ Agreed to never write/speak about his findings/teachings
§ Placed under house arrest
o Before- the heavens were viewed as spiritual, now not much different from earth
-
o Said
all objects have gravity- that’s why the planets move around the sun and not in
a straight line
o Developed
3 laws of motion
§
Objects in motion tend to stay in motion unless
acted upon by an outside force
§
Force= mass x acceleration
§
For every action there is an equal but opposite
reaction
Medicine/Chemistry
- old days- ideas based on writings of Galen- ideas based on dissections of animals
- Vesalius- wrote On the Fabric of the Human Body
o Dissected cadavers to observe
o Disproved some of Galen’s ideas
-
o Also saw the heart was the key to circulation (as opposed to the liver)
- Boyle- used controlled experiments
o Stuff with gas (volume of gas depends on pressure)
Women- tried to get in the game, made some advances, but still weren’t taken seriously
Descartes- philosopher
- “I think, therefore I am.”
- Depended on reason- rationalism- reason is the chief source of knowledge
Scientific Method- procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence
- proposed by Francis Bacon- a philosopher
- make simple observations and then generalize based on the observations/experiments
o inductive reasoning- 1. that crow is black, 2. ALL crows are black
Sec 2
Enlightenment- philosophical movement during the 18th century
- inspired by the scientific revolution
- apply scientific method to study society use reason
-
o Thought with time people would discover natural laws of society
- Locke- thought people became good/bad based on experiences
o If people were exposed to the right influences, people would change and so would society (hello SOCIOLOGY)
Where- the most prominent were French
-
inspired by the English (Locke,
-
took place all over
Montesquieu- wrote about gov’t
- 3 types of gov’t
o republics- small countries
o despotism- large countries (strong dictator)
o monarchy-
for medium size (like
- separation of powers- so not one branch too powerful, limit each other
o legislative- makes the laws
o executive- kings
o Judicial- courts
Voltaire- very critical of religious intoleration
- said “all men were brothers under God”
- believed in Deism- God set the world in motion and let it go
Diderot- wrote Encyclopedia
- also wanted more religious tolerance
- attacked religious superstition
Social Science- history, economics, sociology
- economics- early ideas, the gov’t should not get involved (laissez faire), let the people be free to do what they want
o Adam Smith- The Wealth of Nations
§ State only has 3 jobs
1. army- protect from invasion
2. police- protect citizens from each other
3. build stuff that individuals can’t afford to do themselves (roads, canals)
- Beccaria- crime and punishment
o Anti- capital punishment
§ He said it doesn’t deter crime
§ State sponsored murder is just as bad as murder
Rousseau- The Social Contract
- people created gov’t to protect their rights, but now they are too strong
- society agrees to be governed by general will- what’s best for everyone
o people that disagree are forced to go along with the general will
Women-Mary Wollstonecraft
- wrote the way men control women and keep them down is the same way monarchies keep their subjects down
o she called out Enlightenment thinkers that opposed despots but wanted women “kept in their place”
- died giving birth to a daughter- Mary Wollstonecraft-Shelly - who later wrote Frankenstein
Society- for the most part, the Enlightenment only affected the upper classes
- the middle class was growing, and learning to read
o # of books published goes up 5x in 30 yrs
o magazines and newspapers began to be published
- the Salon- room in wealthy person’s house
o used for elegant parties where writers, philosophers and gov’t officials mingled
o often hosted by women, who then had an opportunity to sway public opinion
Religion- attacked by many Enlightenment thinkers, but the vast majority of people found it to be very important
-
new denomination- Methodists- by John Wesley in
o appealed to the lower classes
o inspired lower classes to do good works, gave them a sense of community
Sec 3
Music-
Early 1700s = Bach, Handel (Hallelujah chorus)
Late 1800s = Classical – Haydn, Mozart (later Beethoven, others)
Politics- Enlightened Absolutism
- monarchs tried to keep their power put rule by Enlightenment principals (be nice to the people)
- Prussia/Russia- tried to created some reforms (more freedoms to the people) but didn’t go very far with them
-
o Many changes undone after he dies
War!-
- war of Austrian Succession
o basically a big land grab
o treaty
all agree to land being returned except for
- Seven Years War-
o
o France/Austria/Russia vs. England/Prussia
o Fought
in
o In
America- Canada and MS river valley owned by
§
English colonists on E coast support
o
Sec 4
-
- Colonists made they have no say in it
-
Declaration of
o Gets
help from
- Colonists win
America- 1st gov’t too weak
- new one = Constitution, a republican democracy
- national gov’t shares power with the states (federal system)
-
Bill of Rights- people are protected from the gov’t in certain areas