Ch 12 Notes

World History

Industrial Revolution- shift from handmade goods at home to factory made goods by machines

Begins in England- Why?

1. Food Production when up
1. Fewer people were needed to farm, went to find other jobs
2. Enclosure movement
1. English law allowed large landowners to fence in public land
2. Small land-less farmers had nowhere for animals to graze, so moved into town
3. Lots of money around-
1. Some mode money off trade, looking for new areas to invest
4. Natural Resources-
1. Rivers = water power/transportation, coal, iron ore
5. Markets to sell-
1. Sell to colonies (or former colonies)
2. Population up at home, more people to sell to (and they can afford it b/c food cost less)

First area to become industrialized- textile industry

- before- cottage industry- done in rural homes

- inventions

o flying shuttle- wove cotton faster

o spinning jenny- spun thread faster

o powered loom- water power

o steam engine- attached to these machines, made it faster yet

- cotton cloth becomes England’s main export by 19^th cent.

Steam Engine/need for iron- causes coal industry to boom

Railroads- enabled goods to be shipped faster

- faster = cheaper for consumers

Factory work- long hours

- child labor (beaten)

- no job security

- discipline stressed

Spread- Belgium, France, German states (lots of coal)

- America- large workforce (immigrants) and natural resources

Social impact-

- population growth- less war, disease, more food

o cities grew rapidly (London 2.5 x’s in 50 years to 2.3 mil)

o causes poor conditions for people, reform comes later

- industrial working class-

o 12 to 16 hr days

o no minimum wage, no job security

o locked in rooms

o dangerous hard work, esp in mines

o child labor

o Factory Act- set minimum age at 9

§ Hour limits for age groups

o Women/children made less then men

Socialism- idea that society (usually the gov’t) should control the means of production

- no competition

- Robert Owen- wanted to bring out the goodness of people in a cooperative environment

o Created utopian societies in New Lanark, Scotland and New Harmony, IN

Sec 2

Congress of Vienna-goal- to set up final peace settlement after Napoleon

- led by Metternich- idea of legitimacy- restore all the old monarchies in Europe

o it happened in France, but divided up land elsewhere differently, to keep any one country from becoming too powerful

Conservatism- contain the changes that happened as a result of the French Revolution

- you should obey political authority, belief in religion in important

- Concert of Europe- Eng, Rus, Prus, Aus meet to talk and keep peace in Europe

o Aust, Rus, Pruss, France- say that they have the right to use force in another country to stop a revolution and restore the monarchy (did so in Spain and Italy)

§ Eng disagreed

Opposite of Conservatism

Liberalism- people should be free from gov’t control

- protect civil liberties (American Bill of Rights)

o freedom of speech/press etc.

o religious toleration

- laws made by an elected assembly

- constitutional monarchy

- not a full democracy- only landowners should be able to vote/hold office

Nationalism- people owe loyalty to nation- not necessarily the state (gov’t)

- people realized they shared similar traditions, language, customs

- only from French Rev on

o now people started to think each nationality should have own gov’t

- Hungarians want rights within Austria

- Germans want to unite as one country

o Either event would upset the balance of power in Europe

- Combined with liberalism

Early revolutions-

- French liberals overthrown Bourbon king Charles X and establish a Const Monarchy

- Belgium revolts to break away from the Dutch

- Revolts in Italy and Poland are crushed by the Russians and Austrians

Revolutions of 1848-

- starts in France, sparked by economic problems

o overthrew const monarch

o established a republic (universal male suffrage)

§ provided national workshops to help the poor get work (# on it doubled shortly)

§ workshops shut down, people revolt, gov’t crushes revolt

o new gov’t- republic, with an elected President (Napoleon’s nephew)

- Germany- many want to united the 38 independent German states

o Nothing gets accomplished

- Austria- was multi-national, each group wants more rights

o Hungary- granted its own legislature

o Czechs- want the same

o Revolts- crushed by Austrians and Russians help

- Italy- divided into 9 different countries

o some of Italy ruled by Austria- revolted but put down

Sec 3

Crimean War-

- Russia wanted to expand into the Mediterranean Sea area so they could trade easier

o Invaded the Ottoman Empire to take these lands

- Eng and France fear Russia getting stronger and fight Russia

- Austria and Russia had been the main 2 countries that tried to keep the peace

o Austria refused to help Russia b/c they wanted land in that area themselves

- Causes the breakup of the Concert of Europe

Italy-

- divided into many different states

- Piedmont- separate country, wanted to take the lead to unify Itlay

o Prime Minister Cavour makes an alliance w/ France vs. Austria

§ Then provokes Austria to invade Pied.

§ Takes some land

§ Other separate states overthrow their gov’ts to join Piedmont

o Piedmont’s king becomes king of Italy

Germany-

- divided into several independent states

- Prussia took the lead

o Strong military, authoritarian gov’t, good industry

o King William I appointed Bismarck PM

- Bismarck to unify Germany through “Blood and iron”

- Fought wars with Denmark and Austria for territory

- Provokes France into war and then kicks their butt

o France forced to pay $1 billion and give up Alsace-Lorraine

- Germany unified 1871, William I named Kaiser (king)

Reform movement-

England- was able to avoid revolutions by gradually giving more men right to vote and the middle classes more say in gov’t

- result- middle class shared wealth with working class (wages up)

France- moves back to monarchy- Pres. Louis-Napoleon becomes Emperor Napoleon III

- took away a lot of freedoms, but the economy boomed

- modernized Paris

- Empire fell after the Franco-Prussian War

Austria- lots of ethnic groups want their say

- Hungary- gets its own constitution (a duel monarchy)

o Now the country is Austria-Hungary (two countries w/ one king, army, economy)

- Other groups want the same

Russia- after the defeat in the Crimean War, Alexander II starts some reforms

- serfs are freed

- peasants can own land, taken from wealthy by gov’t and given to them

- Alexander II assassinated by radicals

o Alex III cracks down, reverses reforms, secret police, etc

US/Canada- neither side felt all that British any more, helps contribute to their wanting to be independent

Sec 4

Romanticism- stressed emotion, feelings, imagination

- before- Enlightenment- reason (facts, find the truth)

- heroes- believed in theirselfs despite things falling apart around them

- historical fiction- Ivanhoe- Medieval knights and stuff, goes along with nationalism

- Gothic- Frankenstein, anything by Edgar Allan Poe

- Music- Beethoven

Science- new developments improve the quality of life

- Jenner- discovered small pox vaccine

- Pasteur- germ theory, spread of disease

- Faraday- electric generator

- People gain faith in science, fall away from religion (secularization- less religious)

- Darwin- evolution- all organisms evolved from simpler forms of life

o Natural selection- some organisms adapt to their environment better and thus can survive

§ Ones that can survive, reproduce, those that can’t, die out (survival of the fittest)

o Conflict with religion

Realism- wrote about normal people, normal language (unlike romanticism), everyday life

- Mark Twain, Charles Dickens