Ch 17 Notes
World History
Probs in
-
-
The
o The
§ Did not want to get involved in European affairs
§ Didn’t want their hands tied
-
o
- German economy is trashed
o Unbelievable inflation, German money is worthless
o Dawes
Plan-
Preventing war-
-
o Good idea, but who wants to be first?
- Treaty of Locarno/Kellogg-Briand Pact
o Countries agree war is bad and no one should do it (woo hoo)
Depression- a time of low economic activity and high unemployment
- causes-
o overproduction by farmers- causes low prices
o US stock market crash
§
Causes US banks to pull back their loans, no
more money for
· European banks have no money, many fail
- First reaction by gov’ts
o Cut pay to save money
§ No one has money to buy stuff to get economy going
o Raise tariffs to get people to buy homemade stuff
§ Causes other countries to do the same, so no one is trading
Effects of the Depression-
- gov’ts get more involved in the economy
- increased popularity of Communism (big business is ruining everything)
- people turned to follow radical political leaders that want total control
Domestic Politics-
- bottom line- because of economic probs, the people turned toward radical groups for answers
o commies vs. anti-commies
- Keynes- economist- says the gov’t should spend a bunch of money on building projects
o Gives people jobs in the short term, they then earn money
o They next spend money- which helps business
o Business does better, so they have to hire workers, which helps end the gov’t programs
o This means- deficit spending- gov’t spends more then they bring in taxes
- US- Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal
o - large scale building projects
o - regulation of big business
o – Social Security for those unable to work/ elderly
Sec 2
Changing gov’ts in Europe-
- really only
-
- Totalitarian state- Gov’t tries to control all aspects of society
- totally runs business, limits what is read, printed or heard, limits music, education, etc
- didn’t just want people to not care, wanted everyone behind them 100%
- used propaganda to win over their people
- Benito Mussolini creates the Fascist party
o fascism- glorifies the state above everything else
§ Stong central ruler needed
§ Opposition is crushed
-
Probs in
§ Runaway inflation
· Lots of strikes by industry, farmers
· Middle Class fears a rise of communism
§ Fascists- “Black Shirts”- attacked socialists/communists
· Gains support from the Middle class and wealthy
§
Also- didn’t get as much as they would have
liked from the Tr. Of
- Fascism/Mussolini gains tremendous popularity
o Mussolini appointed Prime Minister by the King
§ Next- crushes opposition
· Bans other parties
· Secret police to spy on people
· Banned publications that were critical of him or the Catholic Church
§ Promotes his agenda
· Lots of propaganda to swing people his way
· Youth programs to get the kids behind him
§ Couldn’t totally follow through on their promises
- 1917- Lenin leads a revolution that overthrows the Czar and establishes a communist gov’t
o War communism- gov’t takes over key industries, seized grain, sets prices/wages while civil war goes on
- 1920s- Lenin create NEP (New Economic Policy)
o heavy industry/banks/mines controlled by gov’t
o small business allowed to be privately owned
o a temporary fix away from communism’s goals
o new
country-
- Lenin dies- power struggle to see who the next leader will be
o Joseph Stalin emerges as leader
- Stalin- purges party/gov’t/country of people that supported his rivals
o Got rid of the people that were first involved in the revolution
§
8 million or so arrested/killed or sent to work
camps in
o 5-Year Plans
§ tries to increase industrial production (steel/machinery) over 5 years
§
why?
§ production increases dramatically, many new factories created
§ problems?
· Cities grew dramatically, but little housing was built
· Real wages declined
o Collectivization- private farms combined together, peasants worked the ground for the gov’t
§ Peasants resisted- hoarded food/livestock
· Peasants executed/starve from shortages
· Maybe 10 million die in 2 years
- civil war develops Fascists vs. democratic govt
o Italy/Germany sends supplies/$ to help the Fascists
§ German air force takes part, gains experience
o Other
side helped by volunteers from
§
Weapons/money from the
- Fascists win- Francisco Franco established as dictator
o Not totalitarian- didn’t try to control everything
o Instead- Authoritarian
Sec 3
Adolf Hitler-
-
born in
- joins the Nazi Party- becomes chief speech-maker
- eventually becomes head of the party
-
tries to lead revolt against
o arrested
o writes Mein Kampf while in jail
§
book details his plan for
§ spells out his anti-semitism, anti-communism
§ superior powers/people have a right to expand
§ extreme Nationalism
Nazism-
- realized overthrowing gov’t would not get them support, so they look to use legal means to gain power
- soaring unemployment (43% in 1933) causes Nazis to gain support
o largest
party in the Reichstag- German parliament
o appeal-
national pride/honor- rich military history
-
fearing a communist uprising- Hitler appointed
chancellor
-
Reichstag- gives Hitler emergency powers- basically
letting him become dictator
In power-
- Jews barred from public service
- Unions banned
- Concentration camps set up for political opponents
Young People/Women-
- Hitler Youth- Nazi group for boys
o Learn about party ideals, military like training
§ Encouraged teamwork, aggressiveness
§ Made Hitler look heroic
o After Hitler in power- membership became expected, more or less mandatory
o As they got older, learned more military tactics
- Women- expected to be at home, have babies
- Young girls- HY type program, but learned domestic skills
Nazi
- economic programs-
o lots of building programs, bridges, roads, etc
o also expansion of the military
o unemployment drops from 6 mil to 2 mil in 2 yrs and 500,000 in 5 years
o success causes more fence-sitters to believe in the Nazis
- ideology-
o Aryan superiority (Germans superior)
§ Blond, blue eyed = ideal
§ Germans had interbred with inferior people
- Maintaining order-
o SS- ran secret police, elite guard
§ Later ran the concentration camps
o Schools- taught Nazi ideology
o Concentration camps- established for political enemies
o Propaganda-
§ Mass rallies to make party look even more popular, glorify the party
- Anti-semitism-
o
§ Jews not citizens
§ Jews can’t marry non-Jews
§ Must carry I.D. cards identifying them as Jewish
o Kristallnacht
§ Night of rioting against Jewish synagogues, shops
§ Many Jews killed, thousands sent to concentration camps
§
Jews forced to pay for the damage